Particles are very important elements in Japanese, although they generally have a few syllables less than three and no inflections. They provide grammatical and emotional meanings to words and sentences. If you change some of particles into another particles. the meaning of a sentence is quit different from the original sentence. However, after you understand behaviors of particles, you can compose many Japanese sentences naturally and you comprehend most of sentences.

There are 6 types of particles to compose sentences.

case particles:

They provide the definitions of cases to each nouns and phrases correspondent to nouns.

• ga, 'o, ni, ''e, de, yori

nominal particles:

They provide the definitions of cases to each nouns and phrases correspondent to nouns. Also they provide the normalization.

• no, na, to, ya, ka
• na-no, ''e-no, de-no

topical particles:

They provide the function that controls all over the sentence. They affect the form of predicators.

• 'wa, mo, koso, sae, shika, demo, datte
• koso-'wa, sae-mo

conjunctive particles:

They provide the behaviors like conjunctions to each verbs and phrases correspondent to verbs.

• shi, keredomo, ga, to, node, noni

adverbial particles:

They provide the behaviors like adverbs to each nouns and phrases correspondent to nouns. The words followed by these postposition can take copulas after themselves. So they behave like predicators.

• made, bakari, dake, gurai, nado, nari, yara, kara, nagara, hodo

interjective particles:

They provide the behaviors like interjections.

• naa, nee, sa
• zo, yo, wa ( only connect the end of sentences )

Conjunction of Particles

			Particles →	adverbial	nominal	case	topical	conjunctive	interjective
↓ Preceding Word			↓ Example →	gurai	no	''e	sae	shi	nee
Nouns, Demonstrative			kore	OK	OK	OK	OK		OK
Adjectival Nouns			suki		(*4)				OK
Verbs	present		suru	OK	OK		(*7)	OK(*8)	OK
	past		shita	OK	OK			OK	OK
Adjectival Verbs	present		na-i	OK	OK			OK(*8)	OK
	past		na-katta	OK	OK			OK	OK
The Copula "da"	present		da		(*5)			OK(*8)(*9)	OK
	past		datta	OK	OK			OK	OK
"-masu" "desu"	present		-masu					OK	OK
	past		-mashita					OK	OK
Verbs	present	participle	shi	(*1)		(*6)	OK		OK
	past		shite	(*2)			OK		OK
	negative present		sezu			(*6)	OK		OK
	negative past		shina-i de				OK		OK
Adjectival Verbs	present		na-ku				OK		OK
	past		na-kute				OK		OK
The Copula "da"	present		ni				OK		OK
	past		de				OK		OK
Particles	adverbial		gurai	OK	OK	OK	OK		OK
	nominal		no	OK	OK	OK	OK		OK
	case		''e	OK(*3)			OK(*3)		OK
	topical		sae						OK
	conjunctive		shi						OK
	interjective		nee

• (*1) "Nagara" connects the present participle like "shi" if it follows verbs.
• (*2) "Kara" connects the past participle like "shite" if it follows verbs.
• (*3) Case particle "ga" and "'o" are not followed by any particles except interjective ones.
• (*4) "Na" and "ka" follow nominal nouns.
• (*5) Case particle "to" follows the present of the copula.
• (*6) "Ni" can follow the present participle of verbs like "shi", "sezu".
• (*7) "Shika" only follows the present of verbs. It does not follow the other conjugation forms of verbs, adjectival verbs and the copula.
• (*8) Conjunctive particle "to" can only follow the present forms of verbs, adjectival verbs and the copula.
• (*9) "Noni" and "node" usually follow "na", because they are originated from "no" followed by "ni" or "de".
• Compound particles "na-no", "de-no", "''e-no", "koso-'wa" and "sae-mo" have the same connections as their first particles when they follow the preceding words, and the same connections as their last particles when they are followed by the next words.